Ethernet overview

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This article gives information about the Linux® Ethernet framework, provides its composition and explains how to configure and use it.

Framework purpose

以太网是将局域网或局域网中的设备连接在一起的一种方式。 以太网协议用于传输包含任何信息的数据包。

连接到网络的任何两个设备都可以通过以太网连接交换信息。 以太网提供了到路由器的快速，有效和直接的连接。

以太网可以用于许多不同的用例中，如 How to use Ethernet 部分所述:

  • 如何进行远程连接 SSH
  • 如何执行ping测试 PING

System overview

Alternate text
Ethernet Overview

Component description

从用户空间到硬件

  • 应用 (用户空间)

有很多使用以太网的应用程序： Internet浏览器，流应用程序，FTP应用程序等。
在应用程序和网络协议之间使用的主要接口是套接字 

[1]
  • Ethernet工具 (用户空间)

一组实用程序可用于管理和维护网络：ethtool，ping，路由，ifconfig等。

  • Linux套接字层和网络协议 (内核空间)

套接字层是 [2] 一个统一的接口。 在用户进程和网络协议 [3]堆栈在内核中

  • Linux网络核心 (内核空间)

内核网络层使用正在使用的传输协议来调整消息。 Linux内核的网络子系统设计为完全独立于协议。

  • Stmmac驱动程序 (内核空间)

这是MAC 10/100/1000片上以太网控制器的驱动程序 (Synopsys IP块).
Documentation/networking/stmmac.txt[4]

  • ETH (硬件)

这是 Ethernet IP: GMAC [5]

  • Ethernet phy（以太网物理层） (硬件)

以太网PHY连接到媒体访问控制器（MAC）。 MAC控制OSI模型的数据链路层部分。
媒体无关接口（MII）定义了MAC与PHY之间的接口。
提供MII的变体（RGMII，GMII，RMII，MII），根据系统要求，它们提供的针脚数量最少且数据速率不同
MDIO总线包含两个信号:
- MDC clock: 由MAC设备驱动到PHY。
- MDIO data: 双向，它由PHY驱动，以在读取操作结束时提供寄存器数据。
以太网phy使用的连接器是RJ45。

API description

以太网API记录在Linux内核中 https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.14/networking/kapi.html

Configuration

Kernel configuration

默认情况下，以太网API在ST交付中被激活。 不过，如果需要特定的配置，则可以使用Linux Menuconfig工具： Menuconfig or how to configure kernel 然后选择：

对于网络功能： 

[*] Networking support  --->  
    [*] Networking options  --->
        [*] Packet socket 
        [*] TCP/IP networking
          [*] IP: kernel level autoconfiguration
            [*] IP: DHCP support
            [*] IP: BOOTP support
            [*] IP: RARP support
        [*] INET: socket monitoring interface
        [*] The IPv6 protocol
        [*] DNS Resolver support

对于Phy（通用PHY支持）： 

[*] Device Drivers  --->
  [*] PHY Subsystem   ---> 
    [*] PHY Core

对于STM32 DWMAC： 

[*] Device Drivers  --->
    [*]   Network device support  --->
        [*]   Ethernet driver support  --->
             [*]   STMicroelectronics devices
                [*]   STMicroelectronics 10/100/1000/EQOS Ethernet driver
                [*]   STMMAC Platform bus support
                   [*]   Generic driver for DWMAC
                   [*]   STM32 DWMAC support

Device tree configuration

DT绑定文档处理所有必需的或可选的device tree属性。

STM32内部外设的详细DT配置： Ethernet device tree configuration.

How to use Ethernet

How to use the Ethernet user space interface

请根据以下用例查看示例：

How to trace and debug the framework

How to monitor

How to monitor with sysfs

sysfs 条目可用于浏览可用的描述符和硬件功能。 

 Board $> /sys/kernel/debug/stmmaceth/eth0# ls
    descriptors_status  dma_cap
  root@stm32mp1://sys/kernel/debug/stmmaceth/eth0# cat descriptors_status 
  RX Queue 0:
  Descriptor ring:
  0 [0xf4e8d000]: 0xecb01842 0x0 0x0 0x81000000
  1 [0xf4e8d010]: 0xecb02042 0x0 0x0 0x81000000
  ....
  root@stm32mp1://sys/kernel/debug/stmmaceth/eth0# cat dma_cap  
  ==============================
          DMA HW features
  ==============================
       10/100 Mbps: Y
       1000 Mbps: Y
       Half duplex: Y
       Hash Filter: Y
       Multiple MAC address registers: Y
       PCS (TBI/SGMII/RTBI PHY interfaces): N
       SMA (MDIO) Interface: Y
       PMT Remote wake up: Y
       PMT Magic Frame: Y
       RMON module: Y
       IEEE 1588-2002 Time Stamp: N
       IEEE 1588-2008 Advanced Time Stamp: Y
       802.3az - Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE): Y
       AV features: Y
       Checksum Offload in TX: Y
       IP Checksum Offload in RX: Y
       RXFIFO > 2048bytes: N
       Number of Additional RX channel: 1
       Number of Additional TX channel: 2
       Enhanced descriptors: N

Other ways of monitoring

Ethtool 是基于Linux的实用程序，用于显示和修改网络接口控制器（NIC）及其设备驱动程序的某些参数。 

 Board $> ethtool eth0
       Settings for eth0:
       Supported ports: [ TP AUI BNC MII FIBRE ]
       Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                               100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                               1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full 
       Supported pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
       Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
       Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                               100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                               1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full 
       Advertised pause frame use: No
       Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
       Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 
                                            100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 
                                            1000baseT/Full 
       Link partner advertised pause frame use: Symmetric
       Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
       Speed: 1000Mb/s
       Duplex: Full
       Port: MII
       PHYAD: 0
       Transceiver: internal
       Auto-negotiation: on
       Supports Wake-on: ug
       Wake-on: d
       Current message level: 0x0000003f (63)
                              drv probe link timer ifdown ifup
       Link detected: yes

How to trace

以太网框架（特别是stmmac驱动程序）在内核控制台中打印出信息和错误消息。 可通过dmesg命令使用它们： 

Board $> dmesg | grep ethernet
[    1.454632] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: PTP uses main clock
[    1.459010] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: no reset control found
[    1.465199] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: No phy clock provided...
[    1.472347] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: User ID: 0x40, Synopsys ID: 0x42
[    1.478319] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet:   DWMAC4/5
[    1.483310] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: DMA HW capability register supported
[    1.490564] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: RX Checksum Offload Engine supported
[    1.497888] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: TX Checksum insertion supported
[    1.504753] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: Wake-Up On Lan supported
[    1.510994] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: TSO supported
[    1.516329] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: TSO feature enabled
[    1.522143] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: Enable RX Mitigation via HW Watchdog Timer
[   12.356485] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet eth0: No Safety Features support found
[   12.426208] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet eth0: IEEE 1588-2008 Advanced Timestamp supported
[   12.481051] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet eth0: registered PTP clock
[   14.951370] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet eth0: Link is Up - 1Gbps/Full - flow control rx/tx

可以使用ethtool修改以太网驱动程序返回的“调试消息/数据”的数量。 有关更多文档，请参见 Documentation/networking/netif-msg.txt[6] 在内核源文件夹中。


Ethtool设置消息级别： 

Board $> ethtool -s eth1 msglvl [level]

How to debug

以太网启动期间，经常出现2个错误：

  • DMA reset error:
[   15.650981] dwmac4_dma_reset err
[   15.652849] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet: Failed to reset the dma
[   15.659006] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet eth0: stmmac_hw_setup: DMA engine initialization failed
[   15.668518] stm32-dwmac 5800a000.ethernet eth0: stmmac_open: Hw setup failed

发生此错误时，它链接到DMA软件重置（不链接到内存传输）

GMAC规范中软件重置的定义： 

When this bit is set, the MAC and the DMA controller reset the logic
and all internal registers of the DMA, MTL, and MAC. This bit is
automatically cleared after the reset operation is complete in all
DWC_ether_qos clock domains. Before reprogramming any DWC_ether_qos
register, a value of zero should be read in this bit.
*Note*: The reset operation is complete only when all resets in all
active clock domains are de-asserted. Therefore, it is essential that
all PHY inputs clocks (applicable for the selected PHY interface) are
present for software reset completion. The time to complete the
software reset operation depends on the frequency of the slowest active clock.
Access restriction applies. Setting 1 sets. Self-cleared. Setting 0
has no effect.
  • 以太网时钟树错误：

The GMAC IP verifies that the Ethernet clock tree is well configured. When this error occurs, it is due to the Ethernet PHY that do not detect all needed clocks (tx, rx, aclk or hclk).

要解决此问题，请执行以下操作： 

 - 检查每个时钟的pinctrl是否配置正确
 - 检查syscfg寄存器是否配置正确（在以太网时钟树中，使用syscfg配置了一些门控/多路复用器）

Source code location

源文件位于Linux内核中。

  • Ethernet driver: dwmac-stm32.c[7]

References

  1. ↑ [1], Berkeley sockets
  2. ↑ [2], Socket Layer
  3. ↑ [3], Internet Protocol
  4. ↑ https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/stmmac.txt, More information
  5. ↑ [4], DesignWare Ethernet GMAC IP
  6. ↑ [5], Documentation/networking/netif-msg.txt
  7. ↑ [6],dwmac-stm32.c
取自“http://wiki.100ask.org/index.php?title=Ethernet_overview&oldid=7512”