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− | [[ | + | This article introduces how NVMEM Linux<sup>®</sup> framework manages BSEC OTP data and how to read/write from/to it.<p> |
− | + | ||
+ | ==Framework purpose== | ||
+ | The NVMEM Linux<sup>®</sup> framework provides a generic interface for the device '''non-volatile memory data''' such as: | ||
+ | * OTP (one-time programmable) fuses | ||
+ | * EEPROM | ||
+ | It offers kernel space and user space interfaces to read and/or write data such as analog calibration data or MAC address. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==System overview== | ||
+ | {{ | ||
+ | ImageMap|Image:NVMEM_overview.png {{!}} thumb {{!}} 800px {{!}} center{{!}} NVMEM system overview | ||
+ | rect 400 232 500 272 [[NVMEM_overview#API description|NVMEM sysfs interface]] | ||
+ | rect 612 335 752 368 [[NVMEM_overview#API description|NVMEM consumers interface]] | ||
+ | rect 478 563 599 605 [[BSEC internal peripheral]] | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | ===Component description=== | ||
+ | * '''NVMEM user''' (user space) | ||
+ | The user can use the NVMEM sysfs interface, from a user terminal or a custom application, to read/write data from/to NVMEM device(s) from user space. | ||
+ | * '''NVMEM user''' (kernel space) | ||
+ | User drivers can use the NVMEM API to read/write data from/to NVMEM device(s) from kernel space (such as the analog calibration data used by an ADC driver). | ||
+ | * '''NVMEM framework''' (kernel space) | ||
+ | The NVMEM core provides sysfs interface and NVMEM API. They can be used to implement NVMEM user and NVMEM controller drivers. | ||
+ | * '''NVMEM drivers''' (kernel space) | ||
+ | Provider drivers such as BSEC Linux<sup>®</sup> driver that exposes OTP data to the core. | ||
+ | * '''NVMEM hardware''' | ||
+ | NVMEM controller(s) such as the ''BSEC internal peripheral''<ref name="BSEC internal peripheral">[[BSEC internal peripheral]]</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===API description=== | ||
+ | The NVMEM kernel documentation<ref name="documentation_nvmem">{{CodeSource | Linux kernel | Documentation/nvmem/nvmem.txt}}, NVMEM subsytem kernel documentation</ref> describes: | ||
+ | * Kernel space API for NVMEM '''providers''' and NVMEM '''consumers'''. | ||
+ | * Userspace binary interface (sysfs). | ||
+ | See also ''sysfs-bus-nvmem''<ref name="nvmem_abi">{{CodeSource | Linux kernel | Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-bus-nvmem}}, NVMEM ABI documentation</ref> ABI documentation. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Configuration== | ||
+ | ===Kernel configuration=== | ||
+ | Activate NVMEM framework in the kernel configuration through the Linux<sup>®</sup> menuconfig tool, [[Menuconfig or how to configure kernel | Menuconfig or how to configure kernel ]] (CONFIG_NVMEM=y): | ||
+ | Device Drivers ---> | ||
+ | [*] NVMEM Support ---> | ||
+ | <*> STMicroelectronics STM32 factory-programmed memory support | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Device tree configuration=== | ||
+ | The NVMEM data device tree bindings<ref name="nvmem dt bindings">{{CodeSource | Linux kernel | Documentation/devicetree/bindings/nvmem/nvmem.txt}}, NVMEM data device tree bindings</ref> describe: | ||
+ | * The location of non-volatile memory data | ||
+ | * The NVMEM data providers | ||
+ | * The NVMEM data consumers | ||
+ | The ''BSEC internal peripheral''<ref name="BSEC internal peripheral"/> device tree bindings are explained in [[BSEC device tree configuration]] article. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==How to use the framework== | ||
+ | ===How to use NVMEM with sysfs interface=== | ||
+ | ====How to list NVMEM devices==== | ||
+ | The available NVMEM devices can be listed in sysfs: | ||
+ | # {{highlight|Example to '''list''' nvmem devices}} | ||
+ | {{Board$}} ls /sys/bus/nvmem/devices/ | ||
+ | stm32-romem0 | ||
+ | The data content of an NVMEM device can be dumped to a binary file, and then displayed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====How to read BSEC lower OTPs using NVMEM==== | ||
+ | The '''32 lower OTPs''' can be read from non-secure when using either:<br/> | ||
+ | * the trusted boot chain (using [[TF-A overview|TF-A]]) | ||
+ | * the basic boot chain (using [[U-Boot_overview#SPL:_FSBL_for_basic_boot|U-Boot SPL]]) | ||
+ | # {{highlight|Example to '''read''' lower nvmem data content}} | ||
+ | {{Board$}} dd if=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem of=/tmp/file bs=4 count=32 | ||
+ | # {{highlight|Example to '''display''' nvmem data content}} | ||
+ | {{Board$}} hexdump -C -v /tmp/file | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====How to read BSEC upper OTPs using NVMEM==== | ||
+ | {{Info|Only the 32 lower OTPs can be accessed when using the basic boot chain, as it doesn't implement secure services (CONFIG_HAVE_ARM_SMCCC). So this section concerns only the trusted boot chain (using [[TF-A overview|TF-A]]) as SMC feature is available.}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Default behavior for upper OTPS is normally restricted to security. If user needs more than the 32 lower OTPs, there is an exception management explained in [[BSEC device tree configuration]].<br/> | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is then possible to access to some upper NVMEM information. | ||
+ | # {{highlight|Example to read the MAC address from upper OTP area, using secure services:}} | ||
+ | {{Board$}} dd if=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem of=/tmp/file skip=57 bs=4 count=2 status=none | ||
+ | {{Board$}} hexdump -C -v /tmp/file | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Info|A dedicated chapter of the [[STM32MP15 resources|reference manual]] describes the OTP mapping.}} | ||
+ | ====How to write BSEC OTPs using NVMEM==== | ||
+ | {{Warning|The below examples show how to write data to an NVMEM device. This may cause unrecoverable damage to the STM32 device (for example when writing to an OTP area)}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Info| Note that lower OTPs are using 2:1 redundancy, so they can be written bit per bit, whereas upper OTPs only support one time 32-bit programming. }} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Whatever the boot chain, the full lower NVMEM data content can be written as follows (if we suppose it has been previously read as described above, and updated directly in /tmp/file): | ||
+ | # {{highlight|Example to '''write''' lower nvmem data content}} | ||
+ | {{Board$}} dd if=/tmp/file of=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem bs=4 count=32 | ||
+ | |||
+ | Only on Trusted boot chain, and under the condition the device tree authorizes it, an upper NVMEM data can be written.<br/> | ||
+ | Example of 32-bit data word writing (filling it with ones) in OTP n°95: | ||
+ | # Create a 4 bytes length file filled with ones, e.g. 0xffffffff) | ||
+ | # Then, write it (32-bits, e.g. 4bytes) to OTP data 95 | ||
+ | {{Board$}} dd if=/dev/zero count=1 bs=4 | tr '\000' '\377' > file | ||
+ | {{Board$}} dd if=file bs=4 seek=95 of=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Info|When a new OTP value has been written using this SYSFS interface, it may be necessary to reboot the board before reading it back. The OTP value can't be read directly after a write because the OTP value is read in a shadow area not directly in the OTP area.}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==How to trace and debug the framework== | ||
+ | ===How to trace=== | ||
+ | [[Ftrace]] can be used to trace the NVMEM framework: | ||
+ | {{Board$}} cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing | ||
+ | {{Board$}} cat available_filter_functions | grep nvmem # Show available filter functions | ||
+ | rtc_nvmem_register | ||
+ | rtc_nvmem_unregister | ||
+ | nvmem_reg_read | ||
+ | bin_attr_nvmem_read | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | Enable the kernel function tracer, then start using nvmem and display the result: | ||
+ | {{Board$}} echo function > current_tracer | ||
+ | {{Board$}} echo "*nvmem*" > set_ftrace_filter # Trace all nvmem filter functions | ||
+ | {{Board$}} echo 1 > tracing_on # start ftrace | ||
+ | {{Board$}} hexdump -C -v /sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem # dump nvmem | ||
+ | 00000000 17 00 00 00 01 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| | ||
+ | ... | ||
+ | {{Board$}} echo 0 > tracing_on # stop ftrace | ||
+ | {{Board$}} cat trace | ||
+ | # tracer: function | ||
+ | # | ||
+ | # _-----=> irqs-off | ||
+ | # / _----=> need-resched | ||
+ | # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq | ||
+ | # || / _--=> preempt-depth | ||
+ | # ||| / delay | ||
+ | # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION | ||
+ | # | | | |||| | | | ||
+ | hexdump-478 [000] .... 423.502278: bin_attr_nvmem_read <-sysfs_kf_bin_read | ||
+ | hexdump-478 [000] .... 423.502290: nvmem_reg_read <-bin_attr_nvmem_read | ||
+ | hexdump-478 [000] .... 423.515804: bin_attr_nvmem_read <-sysfs_kf_bin_read | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==References== | ||
+ | |||
+ | <references /> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <noinclude> | ||
+ | {{ArticleBasedOnModel | Framework_overview_article_model}} | ||
+ | {{PublicationRequestId | 10397 | 2019-01-21 | AnneJ}} | ||
+ | [[Category:Persistent storage]] | ||
+ | </noinclude> |
2020年5月8日 (五) 22:21的最新版本
This article introduces how NVMEM Linux® framework manages BSEC OTP data and how to read/write from/to it.
目录
Framework purpose
The NVMEM Linux® framework provides a generic interface for the device non-volatile memory data such as:
- OTP (one-time programmable) fuses
- EEPROM
It offers kernel space and user space interfaces to read and/or write data such as analog calibration data or MAC address.
System overview
错误: 图像不正确或者不存在
Component description
- NVMEM user (user space)
The user can use the NVMEM sysfs interface, from a user terminal or a custom application, to read/write data from/to NVMEM device(s) from user space.
- NVMEM user (kernel space)
User drivers can use the NVMEM API to read/write data from/to NVMEM device(s) from kernel space (such as the analog calibration data used by an ADC driver).
- NVMEM framework (kernel space)
The NVMEM core provides sysfs interface and NVMEM API. They can be used to implement NVMEM user and NVMEM controller drivers.
- NVMEM drivers (kernel space)
Provider drivers such as BSEC Linux® driver that exposes OTP data to the core.
- NVMEM hardware
NVMEM controller(s) such as the BSEC internal peripheral[1]
Configuration
Kernel configuration
Activate NVMEM framework in the kernel configuration through the Linux® menuconfig tool, Menuconfig or how to configure kernel (CONFIG_NVMEM=y):
Device Drivers ---> [*] NVMEM Support ---> <*> STMicroelectronics STM32 factory-programmed memory support
Device tree configuration
The NVMEM data device tree bindings[4] describe:
- The location of non-volatile memory data
- The NVMEM data providers
- The NVMEM data consumers
The BSEC internal peripheral[1] device tree bindings are explained in BSEC device tree configuration article.
How to use the framework
How to use NVMEM with sysfs interface
How to list NVMEM devices
The available NVMEM devices can be listed in sysfs:
# Example to list nvmem devices
Board $> ls /sys/bus/nvmem/devices/
stm32-romem0
The data content of an NVMEM device can be dumped to a binary file, and then displayed.
How to read BSEC lower OTPs using NVMEM
The 32 lower OTPs can be read from non-secure when using either:
- the trusted boot chain (using TF-A)
- the basic boot chain (using U-Boot SPL)
# Example to read lower nvmem data content Board $> dd if=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem of=/tmp/file bs=4 count=32 # Example to display nvmem data content Board $> hexdump -C -v /tmp/file
How to read BSEC upper OTPs using NVMEM
![]() |
Only the 32 lower OTPs can be accessed when using the basic boot chain, as it doesn't implement secure services (CONFIG_HAVE_ARM_SMCCC). So this section concerns only the trusted boot chain (using TF-A) as SMC feature is available. |
Default behavior for upper OTPS is normally restricted to security. If user needs more than the 32 lower OTPs, there is an exception management explained in BSEC device tree configuration.
It is then possible to access to some upper NVMEM information.
# Example to read the MAC address from upper OTP area, using secure services:
Board $> dd if=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem of=/tmp/file skip=57 bs=4 count=2 status=none
Board $> hexdump -C -v /tmp/file
![]() |
A dedicated chapter of the reference manual describes the OTP mapping. |
How to write BSEC OTPs using NVMEM
![]() |
The below examples show how to write data to an NVMEM device. This may cause unrecoverable damage to the STM32 device (for example when writing to an OTP area) |
![]() |
Note that lower OTPs are using 2:1 redundancy, so they can be written bit per bit, whereas upper OTPs only support one time 32-bit programming. |
Whatever the boot chain, the full lower NVMEM data content can be written as follows (if we suppose it has been previously read as described above, and updated directly in /tmp/file):
# Example to write lower nvmem data content
Board $> dd if=/tmp/file of=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem bs=4 count=32
Only on Trusted boot chain, and under the condition the device tree authorizes it, an upper NVMEM data can be written.
Example of 32-bit data word writing (filling it with ones) in OTP n°95:
# Create a 4 bytes length file filled with ones, e.g. 0xffffffff) # Then, write it (32-bits, e.g. 4bytes) to OTP data 95 Board $> dd if=/dev/zero count=1 bs=4 | tr '\000' '\377' > file Board $> dd if=file bs=4 seek=95 of=/sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem
![]() |
When a new OTP value has been written using this SYSFS interface, it may be necessary to reboot the board before reading it back. The OTP value can't be read directly after a write because the OTP value is read in a shadow area not directly in the OTP area. |
How to trace and debug the framework
How to trace
Ftrace can be used to trace the NVMEM framework:
Board $> cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing Board $> cat available_filter_functions | grep nvmem # Show available filter functions rtc_nvmem_register rtc_nvmem_unregister nvmem_reg_read bin_attr_nvmem_read ...
Enable the kernel function tracer, then start using nvmem and display the result:
Board $> echo function > current_tracer Board $> echo "*nvmem*" > set_ftrace_filter # Trace all nvmem filter functions Board $> echo 1 > tracing_on # start ftrace Board $> hexdump -C -v /sys/bus/nvmem/devices/stm32-romem0/nvmem # dump nvmem 00000000 17 00 00 00 01 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................| ... Board $> echo 0 > tracing_on # stop ftrace Board $> cat trace # tracer: function # # _-----=> irqs-off # / _----=> need-resched # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq # || / _--=> preempt-depth # ||| / delay # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION # | | | |||| | | hexdump-478 [000] .... 423.502278: bin_attr_nvmem_read <-sysfs_kf_bin_read hexdump-478 [000] .... 423.502290: nvmem_reg_read <-bin_attr_nvmem_read hexdump-478 [000] .... 423.515804: bin_attr_nvmem_read <-sysfs_kf_bin_read
References
- ↑ 1.01.1 BSEC internal peripheral
- ↑ Documentation/nvmem/nvmem.txt| |}} Documentation/nvmem/nvmem.txt , NVMEM subsytem kernel documentation
- ↑ Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-bus-nvmem| |}} Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-bus-nvmem , NVMEM ABI documentation
- ↑ Documentation/devicetree/bindings/nvmem/nvmem.txt| |}} Documentation/devicetree/bindings/nvmem/nvmem.txt , NVMEM data device tree bindings
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